Turing Award Goes to 2 Pioneers of Artificial Intelligence

Turing Award Goes to 2 Pioneers of Artificial Intelligence

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Andrew Barto and Richard Sutton developed reinforcement learning, a technique vital to chatbots like ChatGPT. In 1977, Andrew Barto, as a researcher at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, began exploring a new theory that neurons behaved like hedonists. The basic idea was that the human brain was driven by billions of nerve cells that were each trying to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. A year later, he was joined by another young researcher, Richard Sutton. Together, they worked to explain human…

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What is Clean Architecture?

What is Clean Architecture?

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Clean Architecture is a software design philosophy introduced by Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob) to create maintainable, flexible, and scalable systems. It focuses on organizing code in a way that separates concerns and ensures high cohesion and low coupling between components. Here’s a summary of its key principles: Layered Structure: Clean Architecture divides the system into layers with different responsibilities. The core idea is to isolate business logic from external concerns (UI, databases, frameworks, etc.), ensuring that the core of…

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Spring Boot Caching with Redis

Spring Boot Caching with Redis

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요즘 Spring을 활용하는 방법에 익숙해 지려고 노력하고 있다. 사실 Spring은 거의 15년여 전 Spring Framework 초기에 잠깐 사용해보고 그 이후는 경험이 전무한 터라 개념 정도는 얘기할 수 있을지라도 요즘 개발자들과 Spring 활용에 대해 말을 썩을 수 있는 처지가 못된다. 이 참에 Spring에 녹아있는 핵심적인 기술들을 하나씩 꺼내와서 이해하고 정리해 보려고 한다. 이 글은 그 시리즈의 첫 번째로 Spring Cache에 대한 내용이다. 인터넷에서 흔히 소개되고 있는 내용들 보다 좀 더 깊숙이 들어가서 어떤 매커니즘에 의해 Caching이 적용되고 동작하는 지 살펴보도록 한다….

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색종이 같은 꽃잎… 이른 봄, 이 꽃 보면 풍년 든대요

색종이 같은 꽃잎… 이른 봄, 이 꽃 보면 풍년 든대요

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이른 봄, 아직은 황톳빛으로 메말라 겨울의 기운을 간직한 공원에서 풍년화(豊年花)를 찾아보세요. 노란 봄꽃인 풍년화는 개나리나 산수유보다 소박한 꽃이에요. 꽃이 암갈색 나뭇가지에 딱 붙어 피는 데다 네 가닥으로 뻗어 있는 꽃잎이 국숫발 같기도 하고 색종이를 구겨 놓은 것처럼 쭈글쭈글해 보이기도 해요. 마치 꽃이 시들어 있는 것처럼 보여 핀 건지 아닌 건지 헷갈릴 때도 있어요. 하지만 풍년화는 초록빛 잎사귀가 싹을 돋우기도 전에 네 가닥 꽃잎을 먼저 뻗어 봄의 시작을 알리는 식물이에요. 다른 식물들이 꽃이나 잎을 틔울 준비를 하는 3월 초순, 풍년화는 2월…

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Nvidia and DeepSeek

Nvidia and DeepSeek

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DeepSeek challenged a tech industry consensus that to build bigger and better A.I. systems, companies would have to build bigger and more powerful data centers. It set off fears that companies might pullback on their spending with Nvidia. Since then, a new consensus has emerged that Nvidia will continue to benefit because it will become affordable for more companies to develop A.I. systems. An expanded field of A.I. business would create more customers for Nvidia’s expensive chips, not fewer, as…

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About KFC

About KFC

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Harland Sanders, known universally as “Colonel Sanders,” started selling chicken from a roadside motel in 1930 in Kentucky. He prepared the meat in a pressure cooker, which sealed in the flavor. The secret chicken recipe, including its famous 11 herbs and spices, was established in. 1939, and the colonel began wearing his trademark white suit in 1950. The first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise opened in 1952 near Salt Lake City. After selling the company in 1964, Mr. Sanders – his…

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AI systems based on two model types

AI systems based on two model types

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The current frontier of AI systems is based on two model types(they are almost identical under the hood, but their behavior is notably different in practice, hence the distinction) Pre-trained models, also known as ‘non-reasoning models’ These are the famous ‘Large Language Models’, or LLMs, gigantic AI models trained on as much as data as possible, reaching double digits of trillions of words (for reference, Lama 3.1 405B was trained on 15 trillion tokens ~ 11-12.5 trillion words, and DeepSeek…

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How did DeepSeek build its A.I. with less money?

How did DeepSeek build its A.I. with less money?

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The Chinese start-up used several technological tricks, including a method called “mixture of experts” to significantly reduce the cost of building the technology. A.I. companies typically train their chatbots using supercomputers packed with 16,000 specialized chips or more. But DeepSeek said it needed only about 2,000. DeepSeek engineers needed only about $6 million in raw computing power, roughly one-tenth of what Meta spent in building its latest A.I. technology. What exactly did DeepSeek do? How are A.I. technologies built? Companies…

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DeepSeek just Exposed the Rot at the Core of the AI Industry

DeepSeek just Exposed the Rot at the Core of the AI Industry

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DeepSeek made two critical changes. Firstly. the architecture. OpenAI uses an AI architecture known as “fully dense”. This basically means that the architecture is comprised of a single, vast network that processes every request with all its parameters and data points. This is incredibly computationally dense, but the idea is that it can make it more capable in a broader application. DeepSeek is instead much more picky and uses a “mixture of experts” architecture. In this approach, the AI is…

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Nexus – A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI

Nexus – A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI

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책을 읽으면서 우리나라 보수 정치집단의 지금 상황과 소름끼칠 정도로 잘 어울리는 단락이 있어 인용해 본다. In a well-functioning democracy, citizens trust the results of elections, the decisions of courts, the reports of media outlets, and the findings of scientific disciplines because citizens believe these institutions are committed to the truth. Once people think that power is the only reality, they lose trust in all these institutions, democracy collapses, and the strongmen can seize total power. Of course, populism could lead…

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